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江苏开放大学大学英语B作业3
As a volunteer, John Apollos is losing weight-the old-fashioned way-by eating less. Apollos has lowered his daily caloric intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not surprisingly, has melted away. But that.s not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three-quarters of what they used to. The researchers are trying to determine whether restricting food intake can slow the ageing process and extend our lifespan. "I feel better and lighter and healthier," says Apollos. "But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing."
The idea is counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet decades of calorie-restriction studies involving organisms ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that. Last July a long-term study led by researchers at the University of Wisconsin, found that calorie restriction seemed to extend the lives of humanlike rhesus monkeys（恒河猴）as well. The hungry primates fell victim to diabetes, heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well-fed counterparts did.
Scientists have suspected that calorie restriction could extend the lifespan of animals since at least 1935, when researchers at Cornell University noticed that severely food-restricted lab rats lived twice as long as normal ones and were healthier. Other investigators began exploring the idea and learned that the secret is not merely a matter of body weight.
One theory is that a state of slight hunger acts as a mild but constant stressor that makes an organism stronger and more resistant to the ills of ageing. Taking in fewer calories also slows metabolism（新陈代谢）and some data indicate that humans with a slower metabolism live longer. But even if these theories are correct, simply defining the mechanism is not the same as identifying the molecular pathways behind it. If researchers could determine those pathways, they might be able to pharmacologically mimic（模仿）the effect of calorie restriction. That could be the ultimate benefit of the calorie study. “Calorie restriction is pretty much the only thing out there that we know will not just prevent disease but also extend maximal lifespan,”says Dr. Marc Hellerstein, a nutritionist at the University of California.
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
1
The purpose of keeping diet for John Apollos and other participants is to_____.
A
lose weight in order to keep slim
B
prove how long people can survive if they lack food
C
prove if eating less food can extend lifespan and keep young
D
just keep a good mood and live a healthier life
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
2
What.s the meaning of "counterintuitive" (Line 1,Para.2)?
A
Unconventional.
B
Incorrect.
C
Comprehensible.
D
Meaningless.
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
3
What does the research on rhesus monkeys imply?
A
The less people eat, the shorter they will live.
B
Calorie restriction can help people suffer fewer diseases.
C
People who often feel hungry can live longer.
D
Humans depend on calories to stay alive.
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
4
From Dr. Marc Hellerstein.s words, we can infer that _________.
A
people who are thin can survive longer than those who aren.t
B
effective calorie restriction makes us healthier and live longer
C
keeping diet cannot help people keep fit or live longer
D
a state of hunger is beneficial for our health
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
5
What is the main idea of this passage?
A
People should be thin in order to live longer.
B
Keeping calorie restriction effectively makes one live longer.
C
Eating too much is really harmful to our health.
D
People should form a good diet habit in daily life.
You may know the feeling. It.s the late afternoon, and you still haven.t left the house. You.ve spent the last several hours on your phone, scrolling through your Facebook news feed, refreshing Twitter and watching YouTube videos. A smartphone might feel like it.s keeping you connected, but it can also be a way of secluding yourself.
Data from a recent study conducted by researchers at Northwestern University.s Feinberg School of Medicine found that the scenario described above---high volume of phone use and a static（静止的）geographic location---could be linked to depression. The study, published in The Journal of Medical Internet Research, also found that depressed people, on average, spend more time on the phone than non-depressed people.
People are likely, when on their phones, to avoid thinking about things that are troubling, painful feelings or difficult relationships," said David Mohr, one of the study.s senior authors and a professor of behavioral psychology at Northwestern, in a statement. "It.s an avoidance behavior we see in depression." Mohr also pointed out that depressed people tend to withdraw emotionally and avoid going out---behaviors that are arguably facilitated by the constant entertainment stream available on smartphones.
The study.s participants consisted of a mix of people with and without prior depression. They completed a questionnaire describing their symptoms before agreeing to have their phone use monitored for two weeks. Using GPS, the researchers tracked their location and the amount of time they spent on the phone. They were then able to identify which participants were depressed using the aggregated phone data, with 87 percent accuracy.
Sohrob Saeb, a research fellow at Northwestern, said in the release that phones could be more reliable for diagnosing depression than traditional methods. In standard industry practice, patients are often asked to describe their symptoms by indicating how sad they are on a scale of 1 to 10. According to Saeb, the release reported, these responses can be rote and unreliable. In contrast, the study found, a smartphone can unobtrusively（不引人注目地）and accurately measure a patient.s daily activity, providing data that could trigger a health care provider to recognize the need for an intervention.
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
1
What is the author.s opinion about using a smartphone?
A
It is only a tool to contact people.
B
It makes people feel lonely.
C
It does great harm to health.
D
It keeps people apart from others.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
2
What can be learned from the study conducted by researchers at Northwestern University?
A
Too much time spent on phones leads to depression.
B
Depressed people tend to spend more time on phones than others.
C
Spending more time on phones can help cure depression.
D
Non-depressed people spend little time on their phones.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
3
According to Mohr, why do depressed people focus on phones?
A
They tend to temporarily forget about unhappiness.
B
They feel entertained and amused by phones.
C
They do not have many friends to hang out with.
D
They find confidence and happiness from the phones.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
4
What do we know about traditional methods for diagnosing depression?
A
Patients. location is monitored by GPS.
B
Patients describe their symptoms in words.
C
Patients complete a questionnaire to describe symptoms.
D
Patients indicate their sadness on a scale of 1 to 10.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
5
Patients. daily activities can be measured by smartphones so that ________.
A
they can adjust their living habits if necessary
B
their family and friends can know them better
C
they can get timely health care if needed
D
they will do their best under the monitoring
学生答案：
老师点评：
People tend to have one of three beliefs about the meaning of work and which category you fall into largely depends on your parents, according to new research from the University of Michigan. Workers who are job-oriented are those just trying to make a living who much prefer the activities they pursue outside of the office. Career-oriented adults---your typical "workaholic" ---value the social status and prestige（声望）that comes with professional achievement, and derive much of their identity from their jobs. Calling-oriented people do work that they are passionate about because they want to have a positive impact on the world.
In the first empirical（以实验为依据的）study into how these orientations originate, researchers found that how adolescents（青少年）perceive their parents. work ethic is central to the development of their own work attitudes.
It.s not a straightforward transfer of values. People who perceive their father to have a strong career-orientation are more likely to be career-oriented themselves---but career-determined mothers have no effect on their kids. work orientation. The researchers attributed this to generational gender norms. When he study.s participants were teenagers, mostly in the 1980s, men were more commonly employed outside of the home and were more likely than women to hold "career" jobs with opportunity for advancement.
Mothers do have a notable effect on whether children have a job-orientation mentality. Adolescents who are close to their mothers are less likely to view work as just a job when they grow up, probably because they.ve been raised to value social, rather than instrumental, life experiences.
Having both parents display the same work ethic has an amplified（增强的）influence, but only in the case of calling-oriented offspring （子女）. As our capitalist society favors money and professional achievement, a child with two calling-oriented parents is more likely to have the confidence to ignore these societal pressures and pursue her dreams.
Children can affect their parents. work ethic, too. Allowing people to bring their children into the office has been shown to boost efficiency and productivity---and could help raise that next generation of career-oriented workers.
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
1
What does the author say about a typical workaholic?
A
They have low identification with their job.
B
They view their work only as a means of living.
C
They believe their work will have a positive influence.
D
They value the respect for what they do.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
2
What plays a vital part in the forming of teenagers. work attitudes?
A
Their perception of their parents. work ethic.
B
Their growing environment.
C
The industries that their parents are in.
D
Their role models.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
3
Why do career-oriented fathers have more influence than career-determined mothers on children.s work attitude?
A
Because fathers have more authority than mothers in a family.
B
Because children spent more time with fathers when they were teenagers.
C
Because most of the participants. fathers were more likely to have career jobs than their mothers.
D
Because children perceive their fathers. work attitude more strongly than their mothers..
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
4
Why are children who are close to mothers less likely to be job-oriented?
A
Because their mothers are not job-oriented.
B
Because their mothers value instrumental life experiences.
C
Because they are raised to be career- or calling-oriented.
D
Because they attach importance to social life experiences.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
5
Which is the benefit of allowing people to bring their children into the office?
A
It enables parents to take care of their children at work.
B
It helps children to become career-oriented workers.
C
It increases the time children spend with their parents.
D
It enables children to be familiar with what their parents do.
学生答案：
The idea is counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet decades of calorie-restriction studies involving organisms ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that. Last July a long-term study led by researchers at the University of Wisconsin, found that calorie restriction seemed to extend the lives of humanlike rhesus monkeys（恒河猴）as well. The hungry primates fell victim to diabetes, heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well-fed counterparts did.
Scientists have suspected that calorie restriction could extend the lifespan of animals since at least 1935, when researchers at Cornell University noticed that severely food-restricted lab rats lived twice as long as normal ones and were healthier. Other investigators began exploring the idea and learned that the secret is not merely a matter of body weight.
One theory is that a state of slight hunger acts as a mild but constant stressor that makes an organism stronger and more resistant to the ills of ageing. Taking in fewer calories also slows metabolism（新陈代谢）and some data indicate that humans with a slower metabolism live longer. But even if these theories are correct, simply defining the mechanism is not the same as identifying the molecular pathways behind it. If researchers could determine those pathways, they might be able to pharmacologically mimic（模仿）the effect of calorie restriction. That could be the ultimate benefit of the calorie study. “Calorie restriction is pretty much the only thing out there that we know will not just prevent disease but also extend maximal lifespan,”says Dr. Marc Hellerstein, a nutritionist at the University of California.
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
1
The purpose of keeping diet for John Apollos and other participants is to_____.
A
lose weight in order to keep slim
B
prove how long people can survive if they lack food
C
prove if eating less food can extend lifespan and keep young
D
just keep a good mood and live a healthier life
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
2
What.s the meaning of "counterintuitive" (Line 1,Para.2)?
A
Unconventional.
B
Incorrect.
C
Comprehensible.
D
Meaningless.
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
3
What does the research on rhesus monkeys imply?
A
The less people eat, the shorter they will live.
B
Calorie restriction can help people suffer fewer diseases.
C
People who often feel hungry can live longer.
D
Humans depend on calories to stay alive.
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
4
From Dr. Marc Hellerstein.s words, we can infer that _________.
A
people who are thin can survive longer than those who aren.t
B
effective calorie restriction makes us healthier and live longer
C
keeping diet cannot help people keep fit or live longer
D
a state of hunger is beneficial for our health
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
5
What is the main idea of this passage?
A
People should be thin in order to live longer.
B
Keeping calorie restriction effectively makes one live longer.
C
Eating too much is really harmful to our health.
D
People should form a good diet habit in daily life.
You may know the feeling. It.s the late afternoon, and you still haven.t left the house. You.ve spent the last several hours on your phone, scrolling through your Facebook news feed, refreshing Twitter and watching YouTube videos. A smartphone might feel like it.s keeping you connected, but it can also be a way of secluding yourself.
Data from a recent study conducted by researchers at Northwestern University.s Feinberg School of Medicine found that the scenario described above---high volume of phone use and a static（静止的）geographic location---could be linked to depression. The study, published in The Journal of Medical Internet Research, also found that depressed people, on average, spend more time on the phone than non-depressed people.
People are likely, when on their phones, to avoid thinking about things that are troubling, painful feelings or difficult relationships," said David Mohr, one of the study.s senior authors and a professor of behavioral psychology at Northwestern, in a statement. "It.s an avoidance behavior we see in depression." Mohr also pointed out that depressed people tend to withdraw emotionally and avoid going out---behaviors that are arguably facilitated by the constant entertainment stream available on smartphones.
The study.s participants consisted of a mix of people with and without prior depression. They completed a questionnaire describing their symptoms before agreeing to have their phone use monitored for two weeks. Using GPS, the researchers tracked their location and the amount of time they spent on the phone. They were then able to identify which participants were depressed using the aggregated phone data, with 87 percent accuracy.
Sohrob Saeb, a research fellow at Northwestern, said in the release that phones could be more reliable for diagnosing depression than traditional methods. In standard industry practice, patients are often asked to describe their symptoms by indicating how sad they are on a scale of 1 to 10. According to Saeb, the release reported, these responses can be rote and unreliable. In contrast, the study found, a smartphone can unobtrusively（不引人注目地）and accurately measure a patient.s daily activity, providing data that could trigger a health care provider to recognize the need for an intervention.
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
1
What is the author.s opinion about using a smartphone?
A
It is only a tool to contact people.
B
It makes people feel lonely.
C
It does great harm to health.
D
It keeps people apart from others.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
2
What can be learned from the study conducted by researchers at Northwestern University?
A
Too much time spent on phones leads to depression.
B
Depressed people tend to spend more time on phones than others.
C
Spending more time on phones can help cure depression.
D
Non-depressed people spend little time on their phones.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
3
According to Mohr, why do depressed people focus on phones?
A
They tend to temporarily forget about unhappiness.
B
They feel entertained and amused by phones.
C
They do not have many friends to hang out with.
D
They find confidence and happiness from the phones.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
4
What do we know about traditional methods for diagnosing depression?
A
Patients. location is monitored by GPS.
B
Patients describe their symptoms in words.
C
Patients complete a questionnaire to describe symptoms.
D
Patients indicate their sadness on a scale of 1 to 10.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
5
Patients. daily activities can be measured by smartphones so that ________.
A
they can adjust their living habits if necessary
B
their family and friends can know them better
C
they can get timely health care if needed
D
they will do their best under the monitoring
学生答案：
老师点评：
People tend to have one of three beliefs about the meaning of work and which category you fall into largely depends on your parents, according to new research from the University of Michigan. Workers who are job-oriented are those just trying to make a living who much prefer the activities they pursue outside of the office. Career-oriented adults---your typical "workaholic" ---value the social status and prestige（声望）that comes with professional achievement, and derive much of their identity from their jobs. Calling-oriented people do work that they are passionate about because they want to have a positive impact on the world.
In the first empirical（以实验为依据的）study into how these orientations originate, researchers found that how adolescents（青少年）perceive their parents. work ethic is central to the development of their own work attitudes.
It.s not a straightforward transfer of values. People who perceive their father to have a strong career-orientation are more likely to be career-oriented themselves---but career-determined mothers have no effect on their kids. work orientation. The researchers attributed this to generational gender norms. When he study.s participants were teenagers, mostly in the 1980s, men were more commonly employed outside of the home and were more likely than women to hold "career" jobs with opportunity for advancement.
Mothers do have a notable effect on whether children have a job-orientation mentality. Adolescents who are close to their mothers are less likely to view work as just a job when they grow up, probably because they.ve been raised to value social, rather than instrumental, life experiences.
Having both parents display the same work ethic has an amplified（增强的）influence, but only in the case of calling-oriented offspring （子女）. As our capitalist society favors money and professional achievement, a child with two calling-oriented parents is more likely to have the confidence to ignore these societal pressures and pursue her dreams.
Children can affect their parents. work ethic, too. Allowing people to bring their children into the office has been shown to boost efficiency and productivity---and could help raise that next generation of career-oriented workers.
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
1
What does the author say about a typical workaholic?
A
They have low identification with their job.
B
They view their work only as a means of living.
C
They believe their work will have a positive influence.
D
They value the respect for what they do.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
2
What plays a vital part in the forming of teenagers. work attitudes?
A
Their perception of their parents. work ethic.
B
Their growing environment.
C
The industries that their parents are in.
D
Their role models.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
3
Why do career-oriented fathers have more influence than career-determined mothers on children.s work attitude?
A
Because fathers have more authority than mothers in a family.
B
Because children spent more time with fathers when they were teenagers.
C
Because most of the participants. fathers were more likely to have career jobs than their mothers.
D
Because children perceive their fathers. work attitude more strongly than their mothers..
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
4
Why are children who are close to mothers less likely to be job-oriented?
A
Because their mothers are not job-oriented.
B
Because their mothers value instrumental life experiences.
C
Because they are raised to be career- or calling-oriented.
D
Because they attach importance to social life experiences.
学生答案：
老师点评：
题型：
单选题
客观题
分值
2
分
5
Which is the benefit of allowing people to bring their children into the office?
A
It enables parents to take care of their children at work.
B
It helps children to become career-oriented workers.
C
It increases the time children spend with their parents.
D
It enables children to be familiar with what their parents do.
学生答案：