People tend to have one of three beliefs about the meaning of work and which category you fall into largely depends on your parents, according to new research from the University of Michigan. Workers who are job-oriented are those just trying to make a living who much prefer the activities they pursue outside of the office. Career-oriented adults---your typical "workaholic" ---value the social status and prestige（声望）that comes with professional achievement, and derive much of their identity from their jobs. Calling-oriented people do work that they are passionate about because they want to have a positive impact on the world.

In the first empirical（以实验为依据的）study into how these orientations originate, researchers found that how adolescents（青少年）perceive their parents. work ethic is central to the development of their own work attitudes.

It.s not a straightforward transfer of values. People who perceive their father to have a strong career-orientation are more likely to be career-oriented themselves---but career-determined mothers have no effect on their kids. work orientation. The researchers attributed this to generational gender norms. When he study.s participants were teenagers, mostly in the 1980s, men were more commonly employed outside of the home and were more likely than women to hold "career" jobs with opportunity for advancement.

Mothers do have a notable effect on whether children have a job-orientation mentality. Adolescents who are close to their mothers are less likely to view work as just a job when they grow up, probably because they.ve been raised to value social, rather than instrumental, life experiences.

Having both parents display the same work ethic has an amplified（增强的）influence, but only in the case of calling-oriented offspring （子女）. As our capitalist society favors money and professional achievement, a child with two calling-oriented parents is more likely to have the confidence to ignore these societal pressures and pursue her dreams.

Children can affect their parents. work ethic, too. Allowing people to bring their children into the office has been shown to boost efficiency and productivity---and could help raise that next generation of career-oriented workers.


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1

What does the author say about a typical workaholic?

A

They have low identification with their job.
B

They view their work only as a means of living.
C

They believe their work will have a positive influence.
D

They value the respect for what they do.

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老师点评：
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2

What plays a vital part in the forming of teenagers. work attitudes?

A

Their perception of their parents. work ethic.
B

Their growing environment.
C

The industries that their parents are in.
D

Their role models.

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老师点评：
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3

Why do career-oriented fathers have more influence than career-determined mothers on children.s work attitude?

A

Because fathers have more authority than mothers in a family.
B

Because children spent more time with fathers when they were teenagers.
C

Because most of the participants. fathers were more likely to have career jobs than their mothers.
D

Because children perceive their fathers. work attitude more strongly than their mothers..

学生答案：
老师点评：
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4

Why are children who are close to mothers less likely to be job-oriented?

A

Because their mothers are not job-oriented.
B

Because their mothers value instrumental life experiences.
C

Because they are raised to be career- or calling-oriented.
D

Because they attach importance to social life experiences.

学生答案：
老师点评：
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5

Which is the benefit of allowing people to bring their children into the office?

A

It enables parents to take care of their children at work.
B

It helps children to become career-oriented workers.
C

It increases the time children spend with their parents.
D

It enables children to be familiar with what their parents do.

学生答案：

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