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江苏开放大学大学英语（B）（1）作业4
“Oh, you must have been a spoiled (宠坏的) kid. You must be really bossy. I wonder what you’re going to be like to deal with?” That’s often the response Angela Hult gets when people find out she’s an only child, she told ABC News. Despite such negative (消极的) remarks, Hult has decided to have only one child herself. And she’s not alone.
According to the US’ Office for National Statistics, women approaching the end of their childbearing years had an average of 1.9 children in 2004,compared with 3.1 for their counterparts in 1976.The percentage of onechild families in Britain had risen from 18 percent in 1972 to 26 percent in 2007.
But even though only children are becoming increasingly common，the traditional view that they’re selfish, spoiled and lack social skills holds strong. Even parents of only children, like Hult, are made to feel guilty about having only one child. Worried that they’re being selfish and endangering their child’s future, they flock to online discussion forums seeking advice. Soon, however, they ask themselves: is this social prejudice really reasonable?
“There have been hundreds and hundreds of research studies that show that only children are no different from their peers (同龄人), ” Susan Newman, a social psychologist at Rutgers University in the US，told ABC News.
This raises another question：why are only children still viewed with such suspicion?
“There is a belief that’s been around probably since humans first existed that to have just one child is somehow dangerous, both for you and for the continuation of your race, ” Toni Falbo, a professor of educational psychology, told the Guardian.“In the past a lot of children died. You’d have had to be crazy to only have one.”
Times, of course, have changed and infant mortality (婴儿死亡率) has largely reduced. So what do only children themselves say?
Kayley Kravitz, a blogger for The Huffington Post, grew up as an only child and highly recommends the experience.“Being an only child taught me the most valuable skill of all: the ability to be alone,” she said.
D-16．Which of the following could be the best title for the text?
A
Are only children lonely?
B
Are only children common?
C
Are only children dangerous?
D
Are only children different?
正确答案：D学生答案：D
老师点评：
答案解析：
标题概括题。本文主要讨论了独生子女是否就是英国传统观念中的自私、娇气，缺少社交技能的人，所以D项最适合做文章的标题，故选D。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：较难得分：2
17
阅读D-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。
D-17．What does Susan Newman mean?
A
Only children are as good as their peers.
B
Only children are more selfish and spoiled.
C
Parents feel guilty about having only one child.
D
Parents will endanger their only child’s future.
正确答案：A学生答案：A
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据第四段Susan Newman所说的话可知，成百上千的研究表明独生子女和别的孩子没有什么区别，故选A。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：较难得分：2
18
阅读D-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。
D-18．What is the common belief since human existed?
A
The infant death rate always stays high.
B
People are crazy to have only one child.
C
It’s easy for only children to earn their living.
D
It’s hard to continue the family line with only one child.
正确答案：D学生答案：D
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据文章第六段中的“There is a belief that’s been around probably...both for you and for the continuation of your race”可知，自从人类存在以来，人们就认为只生一个孩子不论对你自己还是对种族的延续来说都是很危险的，故选D。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：较难得分：2
19
阅读D-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。
D-19．An only child like Kayley ________.
A
must be difficult to persuade
B
can possibly learn to be alone
C
should value special skills
D
need ignore bad experience
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中“Being an only child...the ability to be alone”可知，选B。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：较难得分：2
20
阅读D-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。
D-20．What’s the author’s attitude towards having only one child?
A
Neutral.
B
Negative.
C
Positive.
D
Doubtful.
Norm Pethrick, a 36yearold man in Australia’s northern city Darwin，was praised on Thursday for jumping onto a crocodile’s back to save his wife Wendy at Litchfield National Park, a popular tourist spot southwest of Darwin, a local newspaper reported.
Mrs Pethrick was standing on a river bank Wednesday afternoon when the saltwater crocodile lunged (扑), locking its jaws on both her legs as it tried to drag her underwater. Norm Pethrick, who with his wife had been collecting water, immediately went to help her. He jumped onto the back, poked (戳) the eyes of the crocodile and finally got his wife free.
Mrs Pethrick was later taken to Royal Darwin Hospital for a medical treatment. The doctors said she was suffering eight puncture wounds (伤口) in her right leg, a puncture wound in her left leg and a serious cut to one of her fingers.
“This could have been a fatal and tragic situation, ” said the general manager of Royal Darwin Hospital (RDH), Dr Len Notaras, according to a local report.
He said Mrs Pethrick was saved by her husband’s “quick and diligent actions”.
Dr Notaras also said she would remain in hospital for three to four days and have an operation to clean the wounds, which are easy to get infected because of bacteria (细菌) on the teeth of the crocodile.
D-21This passage is most likely to be found in .
A
a travel guide
B
a newspaper
C
a textbook
D
a novel
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
文章出处题。根据第一段中的“a local newspaper reported”可知，这是一篇新闻报道。故选B。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
22
阅读D-21题干中Passage Two材料，完成本题。
D-22. The crocodile attacked Mrs Pethrick when she was .
A
swimming in the river
B
standing on the river bank
C
watching the crocodile
D
fishing in the water
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Mrs Pethrick was standing on a river bank Wednesday afternoon when the saltwater crocodile lunged(扑)...”，可知鳄鱼袭击Mrs Pethrick时，她正站在河边。故选B。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
23
阅读D-21题干中Passage Two材料，完成本题。
D-23. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Mrs Pethrick?
A
Her eyes were badly poked.
B
She had eight wounds altogether.
C
One of her fingers also got hurt.
D
One of the crocodile’s teeth was found in her leg.
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The doctors said she was suffering eight puncture wounds(伤口) in her right leg，a puncture wound in her left leg and a serious cut to one of her fingers.”可知，她右腿有8处伤口，左腿有一处伤，还有一个手指受伤严重。故选C。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
24
阅读D-21题干中Passage Two材料，完成本题。
D-24. According to the passage，Norm Pethrick can be described as following EXCEPT .
A
brave
B
diligent
C
quick
D
humorous
Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.
One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.
They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. The game is based on the tension (紧张气氛) between the interests (利益) of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher.
Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings were. The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.
The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children aged five to nine.
The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs--or intelligence quotients--of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.
Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation. Professor Strauss has written extensively about physical punishment of children. He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.
D-25．Which could be the best title of the passage？
A
Punishment
B
The Best Way to Influence Behavior.
C
Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?
D
Two Recent Studies.
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
选择最佳标题。A项太片面；文章没有提到最好的方法，排除B；D项不够具体；根据第二段“One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.”和第六段“of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知，研究表明，奖励能够促进合作，惩罚不利于孩子的心智发展，故选C。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：简单得分：2
26
阅读D-25题干中Passage Three材料，完成本题。
D-26．The underlined word “spanked” probably means_____.
A
won
B
punished
C
tested
D
praised
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
猜测词义题。根据带第六段“who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知，被父母体罚的孩子，他们的智商比没有受到体罚的孩子的低5分，根据最后一段“He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.”可知，孩子受到的惩罚越多，他们的心智发展得越慢，说明划线词是“惩罚”的意思，故选B。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
27
阅读D-25题干中Passage Three材料，完成本题。
D-27．According to the passage, the researchers may agree the best way to influence behavior is______.
A
rewarding good behavior
B
correcting bad behavior
C
punishing badly-behaved children
D
praising well-behaved children
How do you address(称呼) people in English when you want to talk to them? The following may be some simple rules the beginners should follow.
1. When talking to strangers there is often no special form of address in English. Usually, if you want to catch the attention of a stranger it is necessary to use such phrases as “Excuse me”.
2. In British English “Sir” and “Madam” are considered to be too formal(正式) for most situations. They are used mostly to customers(顾客) in shops or restaurants. While in American English “Sir” and “Madam” are not so formal and are commonly used between strangers, especially with older people whose names you don’t know.
3. When you talk to some people you know, you can use their names. If you are friends, use their first names; if your relationship is more formal, use “Mr”, “Mrs”, “Ms”, etc, before their family names.
4. There are many other forms of address which can be used between friends and strangers. However, many of these are limited in use. For example, “pal” and “mate” can be used between strangers, but are usually only used by men talking to other men.
D-28. According to the passage, “Excuse me” is mainly used to _____.
A
address a person you don’t know
B
apologize to others
C
catch the attention of a stranger
D
suggest good manners
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据第1条 if you want to catch the attention of a strange it is necessary to use such phrases as “Excuse me” 可知答案为 C。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
29
阅读D-28题干中Passage Four材料，完成本题。
D-29. If John Smith is your best friend, according to the passage you should often call him _____.
A
John
B
Smith
C
Mr John
D
Mr Smith
正确答案：A学生答案：A
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据第3条 If you are friends, use their first names 可知答案为 A。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
30
阅读D-28题干中Passage Four材料，完成本题。
D-30. Which of the following is NOT true?
A
“Sir” and “Madam” are used more often in America than in England.
B
People often use “Mr”, “Mrs” or “Ms” before the first names of those people who they don’t know very well.
C
“Pal” and “mate” are usually only used between men.
D
While addressing friends, people just use their first names
Farley worked for the Canadian government. One day, he was D-31 to learn more about wolves. Do wolves kill lots of caribou（北美驯鹿）? Do they kill people?
They gave him lots of food and clothes and guns. Then they put him on a plane and took him to D-32. The plane put him down and went away. There were no houses or people in this place. But there were lots of animals and lots of wolves.
People tell terrible stories about wolves. They say wolves like to kill and eat people. Farley remembered these stories, and he was D-33. He had his gun with him D-34.
Then one day, he saw a group of wolves. There was a mother wolf with four baby wolves. A father wolf and another young wolf lived with them.
Farley watched these wolves every day. The mother was a very D-35 mother. She gave milk to her babies. She gave them lessons about life. They learned how to D-36 food. The father wolf got food for the mother. The young wolf D-37 the children. They were a nice, happy family—wolf family! Farley did not need his D-38 anymore. In a short time, he got on well with the family. Farley watched them for five months. He learned that many stories about the wolves were D-39. Wolves do not eat people, and they do not eat many large animals. And he also learned bad things about men. It was men who killed many caribou and wolves.
Later, Farley wrote a book about wolves. He wanted people to D-40 them and not to kill them.
D-31. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
seen
B
told
C
heard
D
found
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
Farley是政府工作人员。从上下文得知, 他是被派去进行调查和研究狼的习性的，故选told。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
32
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-32. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
a small town
B
a big city
C
a far place
D
a lonely village
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
根据下文飞机把Farley送到了一个没有房屋和人的地方, 说明了这个地方不可能是城市、小镇和村庄，故a far place为正确答案。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
33
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-33. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
afraid
B
happy
C
angry
D
tired
正确答案：A学生答案：A
老师点评：
答案解析：
狼吃人的恐怖故事给孤身一人的Farley带来的应是afraid。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
34
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-34.Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
at times
B
all the time
C
once a week
D
every afternoon
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
因为Farley害怕, 所以枪应始终不能离身。all the time意为“一直、始终”。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
35
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-35.Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
bad
B
good
C
hungry
D
thirsty
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
根据下文的描述，狼妈妈给孩子们喂奶，对孩子们进行训练，可见是一位好妈妈，故选good。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
36
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-36. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
cook
B
make
C
get
D
pick
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
狼只能猎取食物, 而不能烧食物, 生产食物。get合乎文意，为正确答案。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
37
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-37. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
shouted at
B
looked into
C
laughed at
D
played with
正确答案：D学生答案：D
老师点评：
答案解析：
shout at意为“朝……大声叫喊”；look into意为“调查、观察”；laugh at意为“嘲笑……”。这三个词组都不符文意。play with意为“和……一起玩耍”，合文意为正确答案。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
38
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-38. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
food
B
clothes
C
gun
D
plane
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
the nice happy wolf family让Farley不再害怕，因此也就不再需要枪了，故选择gun.。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
39
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-39.Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
not good
B
not true
C
not easy
D
not clear
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
因为他的亲身体验与他所听到的相违背，说明以前关于狼的说法是不对的, 故选not true。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
40
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-40.Which one is the best to fill in the blank?
A
grow
B
have
C
teach
D
understand
The focus is to prepare them for a position as the general manager of a location, overseeing the marketing and sales campaigns.
A
我们的重点是培养他们做好准备去担任一个地区的总经理，监管市场营销和销售活动。
B
我们看重的是他们能否真正走上总经理的位置，具有掌控海外市场的营销大局的能力。
C
我们要做好接受他们成为地区总经理的准备，全面设计和规划海外市场以及营销大局。
D
我们的目标是做好准备让他们担任一个分部的总经理，监管海外的市场和销售活动。
These programs are important to business success and will also contribute to the community at large.
A
这些重要项目都是为了兴办企业的，这也会对社区有很大的促进。
B
这些规划对于商业成功十分重要，并有助于将其成果奉献给社会。
C
这些程序的成功与做生意一样重要，并且有益于扩大社区的规模。
D
这些项目对商业的成功至关重要，还会在总体上对社区做出贡献。
Once we get these details in order, we should be ready to present our final report to the president.
A
—旦我们把这些细节问题整理好，就应该可以把最终报告呈交给董事长了。
B
—旦将这些具体细节处理妥当，我们就要准备需呈交给董事长的最后报告。
C
一旦我们有条不紊地落实好订货单，就应该去准备呈交董事长的总结报告。
D
—旦收到详细的订单，我们就应着手准备董事长要做的最后的决算报告了
Buyers and sellers will find the latest property prices, photos, and home selling information on our leading website!
A
我们的主网站欢迎买卖双方都上传你们的最新信息，包括资产价格、图片和房屋出售等。
B
为方便买主和卖主间的沟通，我们建立了房屋资产买卖网页，欢迎大家登录我们的网站。
C
在我们的主网站上，买家和卖家都可以查到最新的房产价格、照片以及房屋出售等信息。
D
我们为买主和卖主建立了营销网页，提供的资产价格和房屋出售等信息都会及时地更新。
We have been doing business with you for many years and hope that you will make the best offer for us.
A
我们期待能够与你们建立起贸易关系，以合理的价格做生意。
B
我们同你们有多年的生意往来，希望能够给予我们最佳报价。
C
我们多年来一直与你们有生意往来，都是以最低价进行交易。
D
我们之间的友好往来已经持续多年，希望以后能够降价供货。
Good Manners（谈礼貌）
写作说明：
（1）在与人交往中，有礼貌非常重要；
（2）什么是有礼貌；
（3）如何才能做到有礼貌。
According to the US’ Office for National Statistics, women approaching the end of their childbearing years had an average of 1.9 children in 2004,compared with 3.1 for their counterparts in 1976.The percentage of onechild families in Britain had risen from 18 percent in 1972 to 26 percent in 2007.
But even though only children are becoming increasingly common，the traditional view that they’re selfish, spoiled and lack social skills holds strong. Even parents of only children, like Hult, are made to feel guilty about having only one child. Worried that they’re being selfish and endangering their child’s future, they flock to online discussion forums seeking advice. Soon, however, they ask themselves: is this social prejudice really reasonable?
“There have been hundreds and hundreds of research studies that show that only children are no different from their peers (同龄人), ” Susan Newman, a social psychologist at Rutgers University in the US，told ABC News.
This raises another question：why are only children still viewed with such suspicion?
“There is a belief that’s been around probably since humans first existed that to have just one child is somehow dangerous, both for you and for the continuation of your race, ” Toni Falbo, a professor of educational psychology, told the Guardian.“In the past a lot of children died. You’d have had to be crazy to only have one.”
Times, of course, have changed and infant mortality (婴儿死亡率) has largely reduced. So what do only children themselves say?
Kayley Kravitz, a blogger for The Huffington Post, grew up as an only child and highly recommends the experience.“Being an only child taught me the most valuable skill of all: the ability to be alone,” she said.
D-16．Which of the following could be the best title for the text?
A
Are only children lonely?
B
Are only children common?
C
Are only children dangerous?
D
Are only children different?
正确答案：D学生答案：D
老师点评：
答案解析：
标题概括题。本文主要讨论了独生子女是否就是英国传统观念中的自私、娇气，缺少社交技能的人，所以D项最适合做文章的标题，故选D。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：较难得分：2
17
阅读D-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。
D-17．What does Susan Newman mean?
A
Only children are as good as their peers.
B
Only children are more selfish and spoiled.
C
Parents feel guilty about having only one child.
D
Parents will endanger their only child’s future.
正确答案：A学生答案：A
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据第四段Susan Newman所说的话可知，成百上千的研究表明独生子女和别的孩子没有什么区别，故选A。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：较难得分：2
18
阅读D-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。
D-18．What is the common belief since human existed?
A
The infant death rate always stays high.
B
People are crazy to have only one child.
C
It’s easy for only children to earn their living.
D
It’s hard to continue the family line with only one child.
正确答案：D学生答案：D
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据文章第六段中的“There is a belief that’s been around probably...both for you and for the continuation of your race”可知，自从人类存在以来，人们就认为只生一个孩子不论对你自己还是对种族的延续来说都是很危险的，故选D。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：较难得分：2
19
阅读D-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。
D-19．An only child like Kayley ________.
A
must be difficult to persuade
B
can possibly learn to be alone
C
should value special skills
D
need ignore bad experience
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中“Being an only child...the ability to be alone”可知，选B。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：较难得分：2
20
阅读D-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。
D-20．What’s the author’s attitude towards having only one child?
A
Neutral.
B
Negative.
C
Positive.
D
Doubtful.
Norm Pethrick, a 36yearold man in Australia’s northern city Darwin，was praised on Thursday for jumping onto a crocodile’s back to save his wife Wendy at Litchfield National Park, a popular tourist spot southwest of Darwin, a local newspaper reported.
Mrs Pethrick was standing on a river bank Wednesday afternoon when the saltwater crocodile lunged (扑), locking its jaws on both her legs as it tried to drag her underwater. Norm Pethrick, who with his wife had been collecting water, immediately went to help her. He jumped onto the back, poked (戳) the eyes of the crocodile and finally got his wife free.
Mrs Pethrick was later taken to Royal Darwin Hospital for a medical treatment. The doctors said she was suffering eight puncture wounds (伤口) in her right leg, a puncture wound in her left leg and a serious cut to one of her fingers.
“This could have been a fatal and tragic situation, ” said the general manager of Royal Darwin Hospital (RDH), Dr Len Notaras, according to a local report.
He said Mrs Pethrick was saved by her husband’s “quick and diligent actions”.
Dr Notaras also said she would remain in hospital for three to four days and have an operation to clean the wounds, which are easy to get infected because of bacteria (细菌) on the teeth of the crocodile.
D-21This passage is most likely to be found in .
A
a travel guide
B
a newspaper
C
a textbook
D
a novel
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
文章出处题。根据第一段中的“a local newspaper reported”可知，这是一篇新闻报道。故选B。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
22
阅读D-21题干中Passage Two材料，完成本题。
D-22. The crocodile attacked Mrs Pethrick when she was .
A
swimming in the river
B
standing on the river bank
C
watching the crocodile
D
fishing in the water
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Mrs Pethrick was standing on a river bank Wednesday afternoon when the saltwater crocodile lunged(扑)...”，可知鳄鱼袭击Mrs Pethrick时，她正站在河边。故选B。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
23
阅读D-21题干中Passage Two材料，完成本题。
D-23. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Mrs Pethrick?
A
Her eyes were badly poked.
B
She had eight wounds altogether.
C
One of her fingers also got hurt.
D
One of the crocodile’s teeth was found in her leg.
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The doctors said she was suffering eight puncture wounds(伤口) in her right leg，a puncture wound in her left leg and a serious cut to one of her fingers.”可知，她右腿有8处伤口，左腿有一处伤，还有一个手指受伤严重。故选C。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
24
阅读D-21题干中Passage Two材料，完成本题。
D-24. According to the passage，Norm Pethrick can be described as following EXCEPT .
A
brave
B
diligent
C
quick
D
humorous
Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.
One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.
They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. The game is based on the tension (紧张气氛) between the interests (利益) of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher.
Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings were. The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.
The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children aged five to nine.
The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs--or intelligence quotients--of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.
Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation. Professor Strauss has written extensively about physical punishment of children. He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.
D-25．Which could be the best title of the passage？
A
Punishment
B
The Best Way to Influence Behavior.
C
Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?
D
Two Recent Studies.
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
选择最佳标题。A项太片面；文章没有提到最好的方法，排除B；D项不够具体；根据第二段“One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.”和第六段“of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知，研究表明，奖励能够促进合作，惩罚不利于孩子的心智发展，故选C。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：简单得分：2
26
阅读D-25题干中Passage Three材料，完成本题。
D-26．The underlined word “spanked” probably means_____.
A
won
B
punished
C
tested
D
praised
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
猜测词义题。根据带第六段“who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were”可知，被父母体罚的孩子，他们的智商比没有受到体罚的孩子的低5分，根据最后一段“He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.”可知，孩子受到的惩罚越多，他们的心智发展得越慢，说明划线词是“惩罚”的意思，故选B。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
27
阅读D-25题干中Passage Three材料，完成本题。
D-27．According to the passage, the researchers may agree the best way to influence behavior is______.
A
rewarding good behavior
B
correcting bad behavior
C
punishing badly-behaved children
D
praising well-behaved children
How do you address(称呼) people in English when you want to talk to them? The following may be some simple rules the beginners should follow.
1. When talking to strangers there is often no special form of address in English. Usually, if you want to catch the attention of a stranger it is necessary to use such phrases as “Excuse me”.
2. In British English “Sir” and “Madam” are considered to be too formal(正式) for most situations. They are used mostly to customers(顾客) in shops or restaurants. While in American English “Sir” and “Madam” are not so formal and are commonly used between strangers, especially with older people whose names you don’t know.
3. When you talk to some people you know, you can use their names. If you are friends, use their first names; if your relationship is more formal, use “Mr”, “Mrs”, “Ms”, etc, before their family names.
4. There are many other forms of address which can be used between friends and strangers. However, many of these are limited in use. For example, “pal” and “mate” can be used between strangers, but are usually only used by men talking to other men.
D-28. According to the passage, “Excuse me” is mainly used to _____.
A
address a person you don’t know
B
apologize to others
C
catch the attention of a stranger
D
suggest good manners
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据第1条 if you want to catch the attention of a strange it is necessary to use such phrases as “Excuse me” 可知答案为 C。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
29
阅读D-28题干中Passage Four材料，完成本题。
D-29. If John Smith is your best friend, according to the passage you should often call him _____.
A
John
B
Smith
C
Mr John
D
Mr Smith
正确答案：A学生答案：A
老师点评：
答案解析：
细节理解题。根据第3条 If you are friends, use their first names 可知答案为 A。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
30
阅读D-28题干中Passage Four材料，完成本题。
D-30. Which of the following is NOT true?
A
“Sir” and “Madam” are used more often in America than in England.
B
People often use “Mr”, “Mrs” or “Ms” before the first names of those people who they don’t know very well.
C
“Pal” and “mate” are usually only used between men.
D
While addressing friends, people just use their first names
Farley worked for the Canadian government. One day, he was D-31 to learn more about wolves. Do wolves kill lots of caribou（北美驯鹿）? Do they kill people?
They gave him lots of food and clothes and guns. Then they put him on a plane and took him to D-32. The plane put him down and went away. There were no houses or people in this place. But there were lots of animals and lots of wolves.
People tell terrible stories about wolves. They say wolves like to kill and eat people. Farley remembered these stories, and he was D-33. He had his gun with him D-34.
Then one day, he saw a group of wolves. There was a mother wolf with four baby wolves. A father wolf and another young wolf lived with them.
Farley watched these wolves every day. The mother was a very D-35 mother. She gave milk to her babies. She gave them lessons about life. They learned how to D-36 food. The father wolf got food for the mother. The young wolf D-37 the children. They were a nice, happy family—wolf family! Farley did not need his D-38 anymore. In a short time, he got on well with the family. Farley watched them for five months. He learned that many stories about the wolves were D-39. Wolves do not eat people, and they do not eat many large animals. And he also learned bad things about men. It was men who killed many caribou and wolves.
Later, Farley wrote a book about wolves. He wanted people to D-40 them and not to kill them.
D-31. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
seen
B
told
C
heard
D
found
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
Farley是政府工作人员。从上下文得知, 他是被派去进行调查和研究狼的习性的，故选told。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
32
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-32. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
a small town
B
a big city
C
a far place
D
a lonely village
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
根据下文飞机把Farley送到了一个没有房屋和人的地方, 说明了这个地方不可能是城市、小镇和村庄，故a far place为正确答案。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
33
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-33. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
afraid
B
happy
C
angry
D
tired
正确答案：A学生答案：A
老师点评：
答案解析：
狼吃人的恐怖故事给孤身一人的Farley带来的应是afraid。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
34
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-34.Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
at times
B
all the time
C
once a week
D
every afternoon
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
因为Farley害怕, 所以枪应始终不能离身。all the time意为“一直、始终”。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
35
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-35.Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
bad
B
good
C
hungry
D
thirsty
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
根据下文的描述，狼妈妈给孩子们喂奶，对孩子们进行训练，可见是一位好妈妈，故选good。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
36
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-36. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
cook
B
make
C
get
D
pick
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
狼只能猎取食物, 而不能烧食物, 生产食物。get合乎文意，为正确答案。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
37
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-37. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
shouted at
B
looked into
C
laughed at
D
played with
正确答案：D学生答案：D
老师点评：
答案解析：
shout at意为“朝……大声叫喊”；look into意为“调查、观察”；laugh at意为“嘲笑……”。这三个词组都不符文意。play with意为“和……一起玩耍”，合文意为正确答案。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
38
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-38. Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
food
B
clothes
C
gun
D
plane
正确答案：C学生答案：C
老师点评：
答案解析：
the nice happy wolf family让Farley不再害怕，因此也就不再需要枪了，故选择gun.。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
39
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-39.Which one is the best to fill in the blank？
A
not good
B
not true
C
not easy
D
not clear
正确答案：B学生答案：B
老师点评：
答案解析：
因为他的亲身体验与他所听到的相违背，说明以前关于狼的说法是不对的, 故选not true。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：2
40
阅读D-31题干中材料，完成本题。
D-40.Which one is the best to fill in the blank?
A
grow
B
have
C
teach
D
understand
The focus is to prepare them for a position as the general manager of a location, overseeing the marketing and sales campaigns.
A
我们的重点是培养他们做好准备去担任一个地区的总经理，监管市场营销和销售活动。
B
我们看重的是他们能否真正走上总经理的位置，具有掌控海外市场的营销大局的能力。
C
我们要做好接受他们成为地区总经理的准备，全面设计和规划海外市场以及营销大局。
D
我们的目标是做好准备让他们担任一个分部的总经理，监管海外的市场和销售活动。
These programs are important to business success and will also contribute to the community at large.
A
这些重要项目都是为了兴办企业的，这也会对社区有很大的促进。
B
这些规划对于商业成功十分重要，并有助于将其成果奉献给社会。
C
这些程序的成功与做生意一样重要，并且有益于扩大社区的规模。
D
这些项目对商业的成功至关重要，还会在总体上对社区做出贡献。
Once we get these details in order, we should be ready to present our final report to the president.
A
—旦我们把这些细节问题整理好，就应该可以把最终报告呈交给董事长了。
B
—旦将这些具体细节处理妥当，我们就要准备需呈交给董事长的最后报告。
C
一旦我们有条不紊地落实好订货单，就应该去准备呈交董事长的总结报告。
D
—旦收到详细的订单，我们就应着手准备董事长要做的最后的决算报告了
Buyers and sellers will find the latest property prices, photos, and home selling information on our leading website!
A
我们的主网站欢迎买卖双方都上传你们的最新信息，包括资产价格、图片和房屋出售等。
B
为方便买主和卖主间的沟通，我们建立了房屋资产买卖网页，欢迎大家登录我们的网站。
C
在我们的主网站上，买家和卖家都可以查到最新的房产价格、照片以及房屋出售等信息。
D
我们为买主和卖主建立了营销网页，提供的资产价格和房屋出售等信息都会及时地更新。
We have been doing business with you for many years and hope that you will make the best offer for us.
A
我们期待能够与你们建立起贸易关系，以合理的价格做生意。
B
我们同你们有多年的生意往来，希望能够给予我们最佳报价。
C
我们多年来一直与你们有生意往来，都是以最低价进行交易。
D
我们之间的友好往来已经持续多年，希望以后能够降价供货。
Good Manners（谈礼貌）
写作说明：
（1）在与人交往中，有礼貌非常重要；
（2）什么是有礼貌；
（3）如何才能做到有礼貌。