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英语（专升本）
It is a wise choice to ___ the possibility of a rain before you plan for a garden party.
A. check with B. check on C. check in D. check through
The US Congress is the ___ of the Australian Parliament. A. correlation B. opponent C. counterpart D. complement
Many children like to choose ____ food without considering their nutrition. A. tasteful B. distasteful C. savory D. unsavory
Our ___ perception of risk is not so reliable because it is influenced by our dread. A. learned B. innate C. imparted D. objective
It is a challenging task to ____ those disappointed students. A.turn on B. turn in C. turn down D. turn off
Passage 1 Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors but also because of rays from the sun and other stars. The atmosphere again acts as our protective blanket on earth. Light get through, and this is essential for plants to make the food which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environment endurable. Various kinds of rays come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are screened off. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, do prevent a lot of radiation damage. Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. The unit of radiation is called “rem”. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged; the figure of 60 rems has been agreed on. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage—a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed children or even grandchildren. Missions of the Apollo flights have had to cross belts of high radiation and, during the outward and return journeys, the Apollo crew accumulated a large amounts of rems. So far, no dangerous amount of radiation have been reported, but the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory. Drugs might help to decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far. 1 According to the first paragraph, the atmosphere is essential to man in that _____. A.it protects him against the harmful rays from space B.it provides sufficient light for plant growth C.it supplies the heat necessary for human survival D.it screens off the falling meteors 2 We know from the passage that _____. A.exposure to even tiny amounts of radiation is fatal B.the effect of exposure to radiation is slow in coming C.radiation is avoidable in space exploration D.astronauts in spacesuits needn’t worry about radiation damage 3 The harm radiation has done to the Apollo crew member ______. A.is insignificant B.seems overestimated C.is enormous D.remains unknown 4 It can be inferred from the passage that ______. A.the Apollo mission was very successful B.protection from space radiation is no easy job C.astronauts will have deformed children or grandchildren D.radiation is not a threat to well-protected space explorers 5. The best title for this passage would be ______. A.The Atmosphere and Our Environment B.Research on Radiation C.Effects of Space Radiation D.Importance of Protection Against Radiation
Passage 2 Taste is such a subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone’s preference, is that it’s one person’s opinion. But because the two big cola companies Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting. We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola classic or Pepsi, Diet Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they’d have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand. We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet Cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants’ choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished. Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 of 27 identified all four samples correctly. While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price. 6 According to the passage the preference test was conducted in order to ______. A.find out the role taste preference plays in a person’s drinking B.reveal which cola is more to the liking of the drinkers C.show that a person’s opinion about taste is mere guess-work D.compare the ability of the participants in choosing their drinks 7 The statistics recorded in the preference tests show _____. A.Coca-Cola and Pepsi are people’s two most favorite drinks B.there is not much difference in taste between Coca-Cola and Pepsi C.few people had trouble telling Coca-Cola from Pepsi D.people’s tastes differ from one another 8 It is implied in the first paragraph that _______. A.the purpose of taste tests is to promote the sale of colas B.the improvement of quality is the chief concern of the two cola companies C.the competition between the two colas is very strong. D.Blind tasting is necessary for identifying fans 9 The word “burnout” (in the second sentence from the end, Para. 5) here refers to the state of ______. A.being seriously burnt in the skin B.being unable to burn for lack of fuel C.being badly damaged by fire D.being unable to function because of excessive use 10 The author’s purpose in writing this passage is to ______. A.show that taste preference is highly subjective B.argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategy C.emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each other D.recommend that blind tasting be introduced in the quality control of colas
Passage 6 Even plants can run a fever, especially when they’re under attack by insects or disease. But unlike humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3,000 feet away—straight up. A decade ago, adapting the infrared scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don’t have pest problems. Even better, Paley’s Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problems before they became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet at night, an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were transformed into a color-coded map showing where plants were running “fevers”. Farmers could then spot-spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they otherwise would. The bad news is that Paley’s company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted the new technology and long-term backers were hard to find. But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works. “This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States,” says George Oerther of Texas A&M. Ray Jackson, who recently retired from the Department of Agriculture, thinks remote infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But only if Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to obtain 10 years ago. 26. Plants will emit an increased amount of heat when they are ______. A.sprayed with pesticides B.facing an infrared scanner C.in poor physical condition D.exposed to excessive sun rays 27 In order to apply pesticide spraying precisely, we can use infrared scanning to _____. A.estimate the damage to the crops B.draw a color-coded map C.measure the size of the affected area D.locate the problem area 28 Farmers can save a considerable amount of pesticide by _______. A.resorting to spot-spraying B.consulting infrared scanning experts C.transforming poisoned rain D.detecting crop problems at an early date 29 The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some difficulties due to _____. A.the lack of official support B.its high cost C.the lack of financial support D.its failure to help increase production 30 Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of ______. A.the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produce B.growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops C.the forceful promotion by the Department of Agriculture D.full support from agricultural experts
Passage 5 After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good news to report: The damage and death toll could have been much worse. More than 60 people died in this earthquake. By comparison, an earthquake of similar intensity that shook America in 1988 claimed 25,000 victims. Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. on a holiday, when traffic was light on the city’s highways. In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city’s buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes. Despite the good news, civil engineers aren’t resting on their successes. Pinned to their drawing boards are blueprints for improved quake-resistant buildings. The new designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place. In the past, making structures quake-resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. The most recent designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports. Called smart buildings, the structures respond like organisms to an earthquake’s vibrations. When the ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would force the building to shift in the opposite direction. The new smart structures could be very expensive to build. However, they would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes. 21 One reason why the loss of lives in the Los Angeles earthquake was comparatively low is that _____. A.new computers had been installed in the buildings. B.it occurred in the residential areas rather than on the highways. C.Large numbers of Los Angeles residents had gone for a holiday. D.Improvements had been made in the construction of buildings and highways. 22 The function of the computer mentioned in the passage is to _____. A.counterbalance an earthquake’s action on the building. B.predict the coming of an earthquake with accuracy C.would increase the complexity of architectural design D.can reduce the ground vibrations caused by earthquakes 23 The smart buildings discussed in the passage ______. A.would cause serious financial problems B.would be worthwhile though costly C.would increase the complexity of architectural design D.can reduce the ground vibrations caused by earthquakes 24 It can be inferred from the passage that in minimizing the damage caused by earthquakes attention should be focused on ______. A.the increasing use of rubber and steel in capital construction B.the development of flexible building materials C.the reduction of the impact of ground vibrations D.early forecasts of earthquakes 25 The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to ______. A.compare the consequences of the earthquakes that occurred in the U.S. B. encourage civil engineers to make more extensive use of computers. C. outline the history of the development of quake-resistant building materials. D. report new developments in constructing quake-resistant buildings
Passage 3 The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa. In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situational but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and, if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment. 11.Which of the following words can best describe the popular understanding of “environment” as the author sees it? A.Elaborate B. Prejudiced C. Faultless D. Oversimplified 12.According to the author the concept of “environment” is difficult to explain because ______. A.it doesn’t distinguish between the organism and the environment B.it involves both internal and external forces C.the organism and the environment influence each other D.the relationship between the organism and the environment is unclear 13.In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author suggests that _____. A.biological factors are less important to the organism than cultural factors to man B.man and other animals are modified equally by the environ-mental forces C.man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the natural environment D.physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organisms than on man 14.As for culture, the author points out that ______. A.it develops side by side with environmental factors B.it is also affected by environmental factors C.it is generally accepted to be part of the environment D.it is a product of man’s biological instincts 15.In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with ______. A.the interpretation of the term “environment” B.the discussion on organisms and biological environment C.the comparison between internal and external factors influencing man D.the evaluation of man’s influence on culture
Passage 4 The speaker, a teacher from a community college, addressed a sympathetic audience. Heads nodded in agreement when he said, “High school English teachers are not doing their jobs.” He described the inadequacies of his students, all high school graduates who can use language only at a grade 9 level. I was unable to determine from his answers to my questions how this grade 9 level had been established. My topic is neither standards nor its decline. What the speaker was really saying is that he is no longer young; he has been teaching for sixteen years, and is able to think and speak like a mature adult. My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. It is also human nature to look for the reasons for our dissatisfaction. Before English became a school subject in the late nineteenth century, it was difficult to find the target of the blame for language deficiency. But since then, English teachers have been under constant attack. The complainers think they have hit upon an original idea. As their own command of the language improves, they notice that young people do not have this same ability. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect. To the eyes and ears of sensitive adults the language of the young always seems inadequate. Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generational phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to today’s young people, it naturally follows that today’s English teachers cannot be doing their jobs, otherwise, young people would not commit offenses against the language. 16.The speaker the author mentioned in the passage believed that _______. A.the language of the younger generation is usually inferior to that of the older generation B.the students had a poor command of English because they didn’t work hard enough C.he was an excellent language teacher because he had been teaching English for sixteen years D.English teachers should be held responsible for the students’ poor command of English 17.In the author’s opinion, the speaker ______. A.gave a correct judgment of the English level of the students B.had exaggerated the language problems of the students C.was right in saying that English teachers were not doing their jobs D.could think and speak intelligently 18.The author’s attitude towards the speaker’s remarks is ______. A.neutral B. positive C. critical D. compromising 19.It can be concluded from the passage that ______. A.it is justifiable to include English as a school subject B.Language improvement needs time and effort C.the author disagrees with the speaker over the standard of English at Grade 9 level D.English language teaching is by no means an easy job 20.In the passage the author argues that ______. A.it is unfair to blame the English teachers for the language deficiencies of the students B.young people would not commit offences against the language if the teachers did their jobs properly C.to eliminate language deficiencies one must have sensitive eyes and ears D.to improve the standard of English requires the effort of several generations
The paint should be mixed (A. in the proposition of ; B.out of proposition to )one part of paint to two parts of water.
Those boys don.t know much about society; that.s why they.re so easily (A. taken in; B taken off).
She told me she wanted to (A. call off ; B. put down) her two o’clock appointment in order to take care of her sick husband.
With the fresh water reducing, the United Nations is (A. appealing; B. attracting) to all the citizens to save water.
The US Congress is the ___ of the Australian Parliament. A. correlation B. opponent C. counterpart D. complement
Many children like to choose ____ food without considering their nutrition. A. tasteful B. distasteful C. savory D. unsavory
Our ___ perception of risk is not so reliable because it is influenced by our dread. A. learned B. innate C. imparted D. objective
It is a challenging task to ____ those disappointed students. A.turn on B. turn in C. turn down D. turn off
Passage 1 Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors but also because of rays from the sun and other stars. The atmosphere again acts as our protective blanket on earth. Light get through, and this is essential for plants to make the food which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environment endurable. Various kinds of rays come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are screened off. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, do prevent a lot of radiation damage. Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. The unit of radiation is called “rem”. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged; the figure of 60 rems has been agreed on. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage—a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed children or even grandchildren. Missions of the Apollo flights have had to cross belts of high radiation and, during the outward and return journeys, the Apollo crew accumulated a large amounts of rems. So far, no dangerous amount of radiation have been reported, but the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory. Drugs might help to decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far. 1 According to the first paragraph, the atmosphere is essential to man in that _____. A.it protects him against the harmful rays from space B.it provides sufficient light for plant growth C.it supplies the heat necessary for human survival D.it screens off the falling meteors 2 We know from the passage that _____. A.exposure to even tiny amounts of radiation is fatal B.the effect of exposure to radiation is slow in coming C.radiation is avoidable in space exploration D.astronauts in spacesuits needn’t worry about radiation damage 3 The harm radiation has done to the Apollo crew member ______. A.is insignificant B.seems overestimated C.is enormous D.remains unknown 4 It can be inferred from the passage that ______. A.the Apollo mission was very successful B.protection from space radiation is no easy job C.astronauts will have deformed children or grandchildren D.radiation is not a threat to well-protected space explorers 5. The best title for this passage would be ______. A.The Atmosphere and Our Environment B.Research on Radiation C.Effects of Space Radiation D.Importance of Protection Against Radiation
Passage 2 Taste is such a subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone’s preference, is that it’s one person’s opinion. But because the two big cola companies Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting. We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola classic or Pepsi, Diet Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they’d have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand. We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet Cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants’ choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished. Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 of 27 identified all four samples correctly. While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price. 6 According to the passage the preference test was conducted in order to ______. A.find out the role taste preference plays in a person’s drinking B.reveal which cola is more to the liking of the drinkers C.show that a person’s opinion about taste is mere guess-work D.compare the ability of the participants in choosing their drinks 7 The statistics recorded in the preference tests show _____. A.Coca-Cola and Pepsi are people’s two most favorite drinks B.there is not much difference in taste between Coca-Cola and Pepsi C.few people had trouble telling Coca-Cola from Pepsi D.people’s tastes differ from one another 8 It is implied in the first paragraph that _______. A.the purpose of taste tests is to promote the sale of colas B.the improvement of quality is the chief concern of the two cola companies C.the competition between the two colas is very strong. D.Blind tasting is necessary for identifying fans 9 The word “burnout” (in the second sentence from the end, Para. 5) here refers to the state of ______. A.being seriously burnt in the skin B.being unable to burn for lack of fuel C.being badly damaged by fire D.being unable to function because of excessive use 10 The author’s purpose in writing this passage is to ______. A.show that taste preference is highly subjective B.argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategy C.emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each other D.recommend that blind tasting be introduced in the quality control of colas
Passage 6 Even plants can run a fever, especially when they’re under attack by insects or disease. But unlike humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3,000 feet away—straight up. A decade ago, adapting the infrared scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don’t have pest problems. Even better, Paley’s Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problems before they became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet at night, an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were transformed into a color-coded map showing where plants were running “fevers”. Farmers could then spot-spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they otherwise would. The bad news is that Paley’s company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted the new technology and long-term backers were hard to find. But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works. “This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States,” says George Oerther of Texas A&M. Ray Jackson, who recently retired from the Department of Agriculture, thinks remote infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But only if Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to obtain 10 years ago. 26. Plants will emit an increased amount of heat when they are ______. A.sprayed with pesticides B.facing an infrared scanner C.in poor physical condition D.exposed to excessive sun rays 27 In order to apply pesticide spraying precisely, we can use infrared scanning to _____. A.estimate the damage to the crops B.draw a color-coded map C.measure the size of the affected area D.locate the problem area 28 Farmers can save a considerable amount of pesticide by _______. A.resorting to spot-spraying B.consulting infrared scanning experts C.transforming poisoned rain D.detecting crop problems at an early date 29 The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some difficulties due to _____. A.the lack of official support B.its high cost C.the lack of financial support D.its failure to help increase production 30 Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of ______. A.the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produce B.growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops C.the forceful promotion by the Department of Agriculture D.full support from agricultural experts
Passage 5 After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good news to report: The damage and death toll could have been much worse. More than 60 people died in this earthquake. By comparison, an earthquake of similar intensity that shook America in 1988 claimed 25,000 victims. Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. on a holiday, when traffic was light on the city’s highways. In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city’s buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes. Despite the good news, civil engineers aren’t resting on their successes. Pinned to their drawing boards are blueprints for improved quake-resistant buildings. The new designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place. In the past, making structures quake-resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. The most recent designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports. Called smart buildings, the structures respond like organisms to an earthquake’s vibrations. When the ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would force the building to shift in the opposite direction. The new smart structures could be very expensive to build. However, they would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes. 21 One reason why the loss of lives in the Los Angeles earthquake was comparatively low is that _____. A.new computers had been installed in the buildings. B.it occurred in the residential areas rather than on the highways. C.Large numbers of Los Angeles residents had gone for a holiday. D.Improvements had been made in the construction of buildings and highways. 22 The function of the computer mentioned in the passage is to _____. A.counterbalance an earthquake’s action on the building. B.predict the coming of an earthquake with accuracy C.would increase the complexity of architectural design D.can reduce the ground vibrations caused by earthquakes 23 The smart buildings discussed in the passage ______. A.would cause serious financial problems B.would be worthwhile though costly C.would increase the complexity of architectural design D.can reduce the ground vibrations caused by earthquakes 24 It can be inferred from the passage that in minimizing the damage caused by earthquakes attention should be focused on ______. A.the increasing use of rubber and steel in capital construction B.the development of flexible building materials C.the reduction of the impact of ground vibrations D.early forecasts of earthquakes 25 The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to ______. A.compare the consequences of the earthquakes that occurred in the U.S. B. encourage civil engineers to make more extensive use of computers. C. outline the history of the development of quake-resistant building materials. D. report new developments in constructing quake-resistant buildings
Passage 3 The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa. In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situational but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and, if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment. 11.Which of the following words can best describe the popular understanding of “environment” as the author sees it? A.Elaborate B. Prejudiced C. Faultless D. Oversimplified 12.According to the author the concept of “environment” is difficult to explain because ______. A.it doesn’t distinguish between the organism and the environment B.it involves both internal and external forces C.the organism and the environment influence each other D.the relationship between the organism and the environment is unclear 13.In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author suggests that _____. A.biological factors are less important to the organism than cultural factors to man B.man and other animals are modified equally by the environ-mental forces C.man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the natural environment D.physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organisms than on man 14.As for culture, the author points out that ______. A.it develops side by side with environmental factors B.it is also affected by environmental factors C.it is generally accepted to be part of the environment D.it is a product of man’s biological instincts 15.In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with ______. A.the interpretation of the term “environment” B.the discussion on organisms and biological environment C.the comparison between internal and external factors influencing man D.the evaluation of man’s influence on culture
Passage 4 The speaker, a teacher from a community college, addressed a sympathetic audience. Heads nodded in agreement when he said, “High school English teachers are not doing their jobs.” He described the inadequacies of his students, all high school graduates who can use language only at a grade 9 level. I was unable to determine from his answers to my questions how this grade 9 level had been established. My topic is neither standards nor its decline. What the speaker was really saying is that he is no longer young; he has been teaching for sixteen years, and is able to think and speak like a mature adult. My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. It is also human nature to look for the reasons for our dissatisfaction. Before English became a school subject in the late nineteenth century, it was difficult to find the target of the blame for language deficiency. But since then, English teachers have been under constant attack. The complainers think they have hit upon an original idea. As their own command of the language improves, they notice that young people do not have this same ability. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect. To the eyes and ears of sensitive adults the language of the young always seems inadequate. Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generational phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to today’s young people, it naturally follows that today’s English teachers cannot be doing their jobs, otherwise, young people would not commit offenses against the language. 16.The speaker the author mentioned in the passage believed that _______. A.the language of the younger generation is usually inferior to that of the older generation B.the students had a poor command of English because they didn’t work hard enough C.he was an excellent language teacher because he had been teaching English for sixteen years D.English teachers should be held responsible for the students’ poor command of English 17.In the author’s opinion, the speaker ______. A.gave a correct judgment of the English level of the students B.had exaggerated the language problems of the students C.was right in saying that English teachers were not doing their jobs D.could think and speak intelligently 18.The author’s attitude towards the speaker’s remarks is ______. A.neutral B. positive C. critical D. compromising 19.It can be concluded from the passage that ______. A.it is justifiable to include English as a school subject B.Language improvement needs time and effort C.the author disagrees with the speaker over the standard of English at Grade 9 level D.English language teaching is by no means an easy job 20.In the passage the author argues that ______. A.it is unfair to blame the English teachers for the language deficiencies of the students B.young people would not commit offences against the language if the teachers did their jobs properly C.to eliminate language deficiencies one must have sensitive eyes and ears D.to improve the standard of English requires the effort of several generations
The paint should be mixed (A. in the proposition of ; B.out of proposition to )one part of paint to two parts of water.
Those boys don.t know much about society; that.s why they.re so easily (A. taken in; B taken off).
She told me she wanted to (A. call off ; B. put down) her two o’clock appointment in order to take care of her sick husband.
With the fresh water reducing, the United Nations is (A. appealing; B. attracting) to all the citizens to save water.