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东北农业大学大学英语Ⅲ
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where on milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on”. A display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
51. According to the author, babies learn to do things which _____.
A) are directly related to pleasure
B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success
D) will satisfy their curiosity
52. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _____.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
53. In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ______.
A) have the lights turned on
B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents
D) be praised
54. The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because ______.
A) the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”
B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in “switching on” the lights
55. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _____.
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper, you should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
One summer night, on my way home from work I decided to see a movie. I knew the theatre would be air-conditioned and I couldn’t face my __56_ apartment.
Sitting in the theatre I had to look through the __57_ between the two tall heads in front of me. I had to keep changing the __58_ every time she leaned over to talk to him, __59_ he leaned over to kiss her. Why do Americans display such __60 in a public place?
I thought the movie would be good for my English, but _61__ it turned out, it was an Italian movie. _62__ about an hour I decided to give up on the movie and __63_ on my popcorn (爆玉米花). I’ve never understood why they give you so much popcorn! It tasted pretty good, __64_. After a while I heard _65__ more of the romantic-sounding Italians. I just heard the __66_ of the popcorn crunching (咀嚼) between my teeth. My thought started to _67_. I remembered when I was in South Korea (韩国), I _68__ to watch Kojak on TV frequently. He spoke perfect Korean--- I was really amazed. He seemed like a good friend to me, _69__ I saw him again in New York speaking __70_ English instead of perfect Korean. He didn’t even have a Koran accent and I _71__ like I had been betrayed.
When our family moved to the United States six years ago, none of us spoke any English. _72__ we had begun to learn a few words, my mother suggested that we all should speak English at home. Everyone agreed, but our house became very _73__ and we all seemed to avoid each other. We sat at the dinner table in silence, preferring that to __74__ in a difficult language. Mother tried to say something in English but it __75_ out all wrong and we all burst into laughter and decided to forget it! We’ve been speaking Korean at home ever since.
56. A) warm B) hot C) heated D) cool
57. A) crack B) blank C) break D) opening
58. A) aspect B) view C) space D) angle
59. A) while B) whenever C) or D) and
60. A) attraction B) attention C) affection D) motion
61. A) since B) when C) what D) as
62. A) Within B) After C) For D) Over
63. A) concentrate B) chew C) fix D) taste
64. A) too B) still C) though D) certainly
65. A) much B) any C) no D) few
66. A) voice B) sound C) rhythm D) tone
67. A) wonder B) wander C) imagine D) depart
68. A) enjoyed B) happened C) turned D) used
69. A) until B) because C) then D) therefore
70. A) artificial B) informal C) perfect D) practical
71. A) felt B) looked C) seemed D) appeared
72. A) While B) If C) Before D) Once
73. A) empty B) quiet C) stiff D) calm
74. A) telling B) uttering C) saying D) speaking
75. A) worked B) got C) came D) made
_____ their differences , the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other .
A) But for B) For all C) Above all D) Except for
Since the matter was extremely _____, we dealt with it immediately.
A) tough B) tense C) urgent D) instant
The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at ______ chemist’s.
A) each B) some C) certain D) any
With the help of the government , a large number of people ---_______ after the flood in 1991.
A) survived B) suspended C) suffered D) suspected
He always has a lot of _______ ideas in his mind , and sometimes we do not even know what he is thinking about.
A) novel B) spoil C) acceptable D) additional
John _______ to be a polite man. But in fact he is very rude.
A) pretends B) assures C) affords D) melts
A study suggests that even ____ exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women.
A) modern B) moderate C) excess D) excessive
Because women often ____ their diet to control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food, and are liable to experience a deficiency.
A) restrict B) strict C) stuck D) construct
They ____ that the aging population is adding 1 per cent yearly to health service costs.
A) add B) calculate C) add to D) calculate on
A ____ is a person who ____ _____.
A) crime; commit; criminal B) commit; criminal; crimes
C) commit; crimes; criminal D) criminal; commits; crimes
Earthquake survival supplies include a torch, a spade, some rope and a radio ____.
A) conceiver B) receiver C) perceiver D) deceiver
The short story ____ the heart of the little boy with its unusual plot.
A) captured B) cost C) cast D) chased
. If we say some food is ____, we mean it is safe to eat.
A) ideal B) editable C) ideate D) edible
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where on milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on”. A display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
51. According to the author, babies learn to do things which _____.
A) are directly related to pleasure
B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success
D) will satisfy their curiosity
52. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _____.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
53. In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ______.
A) have the lights turned on
B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents
D) be praised
54. The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because ______.
A) the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”
B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in “switching on” the lights
55. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _____.
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper, you should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
One summer night, on my way home from work I decided to see a movie. I knew the theatre would be air-conditioned and I couldn’t face my __56_ apartment.
Sitting in the theatre I had to look through the __57_ between the two tall heads in front of me. I had to keep changing the __58_ every time she leaned over to talk to him, __59_ he leaned over to kiss her. Why do Americans display such __60 in a public place?
I thought the movie would be good for my English, but _61__ it turned out, it was an Italian movie. _62__ about an hour I decided to give up on the movie and __63_ on my popcorn (爆玉米花). I’ve never understood why they give you so much popcorn! It tasted pretty good, __64_. After a while I heard _65__ more of the romantic-sounding Italians. I just heard the __66_ of the popcorn crunching (咀嚼) between my teeth. My thought started to _67_. I remembered when I was in South Korea (韩国), I _68__ to watch Kojak on TV frequently. He spoke perfect Korean--- I was really amazed. He seemed like a good friend to me, _69__ I saw him again in New York speaking __70_ English instead of perfect Korean. He didn’t even have a Koran accent and I _71__ like I had been betrayed.
When our family moved to the United States six years ago, none of us spoke any English. _72__ we had begun to learn a few words, my mother suggested that we all should speak English at home. Everyone agreed, but our house became very _73__ and we all seemed to avoid each other. We sat at the dinner table in silence, preferring that to __74__ in a difficult language. Mother tried to say something in English but it __75_ out all wrong and we all burst into laughter and decided to forget it! We’ve been speaking Korean at home ever since.
56. A) warm B) hot C) heated D) cool
57. A) crack B) blank C) break D) opening
58. A) aspect B) view C) space D) angle
59. A) while B) whenever C) or D) and
60. A) attraction B) attention C) affection D) motion
61. A) since B) when C) what D) as
62. A) Within B) After C) For D) Over
63. A) concentrate B) chew C) fix D) taste
64. A) too B) still C) though D) certainly
65. A) much B) any C) no D) few
66. A) voice B) sound C) rhythm D) tone
67. A) wonder B) wander C) imagine D) depart
68. A) enjoyed B) happened C) turned D) used
69. A) until B) because C) then D) therefore
70. A) artificial B) informal C) perfect D) practical
71. A) felt B) looked C) seemed D) appeared
72. A) While B) If C) Before D) Once
73. A) empty B) quiet C) stiff D) calm
74. A) telling B) uttering C) saying D) speaking
75. A) worked B) got C) came D) made
_____ their differences , the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other .
A) But for B) For all C) Above all D) Except for
Since the matter was extremely _____, we dealt with it immediately.
A) tough B) tense C) urgent D) instant
The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at ______ chemist’s.
A) each B) some C) certain D) any
With the help of the government , a large number of people ---_______ after the flood in 1991.
A) survived B) suspended C) suffered D) suspected
He always has a lot of _______ ideas in his mind , and sometimes we do not even know what he is thinking about.
A) novel B) spoil C) acceptable D) additional
John _______ to be a polite man. But in fact he is very rude.
A) pretends B) assures C) affords D) melts
A study suggests that even ____ exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women.
A) modern B) moderate C) excess D) excessive
Because women often ____ their diet to control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food, and are liable to experience a deficiency.
A) restrict B) strict C) stuck D) construct
They ____ that the aging population is adding 1 per cent yearly to health service costs.
A) add B) calculate C) add to D) calculate on
A ____ is a person who ____ _____.
A) crime; commit; criminal B) commit; criminal; crimes
C) commit; crimes; criminal D) criminal; commits; crimes
Earthquake survival supplies include a torch, a spade, some rope and a radio ____.
A) conceiver B) receiver C) perceiver D) deceiver
The short story ____ the heart of the little boy with its unusual plot.
A) captured B) cost C) cast D) chased
. If we say some food is ____, we mean it is safe to eat.
A) ideal B) editable C) ideate D) edible