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南阳医学高等专科学校英语
Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how there principles work.
Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme "Thirty days has September, April, June, and November..."? It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.
Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467, 13, 63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.
Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan -12,389 feet -might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year (365) added to the number of months twice (24).
The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.
1. What kind of information is easy for us to remember?
A. Information that does not make any sense to us.
B. Information that we are not familiar with.
C. Information that is meaningful to us.
D. Information that we are not interested in.
2. Which of the following pairs are rhymes?
A. horse—house B. right---white
C. come----home D. how---low
3.The second list of words in para.3 is organized according to .
A. the rhyme
B. the word category
C. the first letters of words
D. the meanings
4. Books are kept in a library .
A. according to their size
B. in random order
C. in a jumbled way
D. in different categories
5. What method can better help form a whole mental picture about the tings to be remembered?
A. Grouping B. Repetition C. Imagery D. Association
What are the beauties of Hawaii? Let’s start with four. The beach, famous for its water temperature, air temperature and waves, is the first beauty. There are hundreds of miles of beaches on the twenty islands of Hawaii. They are thought to be among the finest beaches in the world. Then, what do you think would be the second beautiful thing? It is volcanoes (火山), of course. These volcanoes are not just a part of the islands; they made the islands in the first place. Because of them the islands are still growing. What would be the third thing of beauty that the first visitor to Hawaii would notice? It probably wouldn’t be just one thing, but many things: all the wonderful fruits and flowers of the islands. Sugar cane, bananas and pineapples are Hawaii’s biggest exports. Sugar cane has been growing in Hawaii for a thousand years. As for pineapples, the islands produce more than any other places in the world, which has made Dole Company the biggest fruit-packing company in the world. The fourth and most beautiful thing about Hawaii is the people who live there. The Hawaiians never rush, and perhaps this is because they care more for human life than they care for the machine. There is an old Hawaiian law that a man can go to sleep in the middle of the road if he wants to. What makes the people of Hawaii so beautiful is their feeling about people. There are 64 different combinations of races on the islands, and they all live in peace. They believe “Above all nations is humanity.” That is the most beautiful thing of all. 1 According to the passage, Hawaii is made up of __. A. one island B. twenty islands C. sixty-four islands D. hundreds of islands 2 Why are the volcanoes so special to the islands? A. They are not a part of the islands. B. They actually made the islands. C. They are the first in the world. D. They are growing. 3 What has made Dole Company the biggest fruit-packing company in the world? A. Sugar. B. Sugar cane. C. Bananas. D. Pineapples. 4 The people in Hawaii are the most beautiful thing because _ _. A. they had a peaceful history B. they can sleep in the middle of the road C. there are 64 different races on the islands D. they care more for people than anything else 5 According to the passage, “above all nations is humanity” might mean __ . A. not all nations have humanity B. humanity is as important as a nation C. humanity has no national boundaries D. all human beings should live in peace
What are the beauties of Hawaii? Let’s start with four. The beach, famous for its water temperature, air temperature and waves, is the first beauty. There are hundreds of miles of beaches on the twenty islands of Hawaii. They are thought to be among the finest beaches in the world. Then, what do you think would be the second beautiful thing? It is volcanoes (火山), of course. These volcanoes are not just a part of the islands; they made the islands in the first place. Because of them the islands are still growing. What would be the third thing of beauty that the first visitor to Hawaii would notice? It probably wouldn’t be just one thing, but many things: all the wonderful fruits and flowers of the islands. Sugar cane, bananas and pineapples are Hawaii’s biggest exports. Sugar cane has been growing in Hawaii for a thousand years. As for pineapples, the islands produce more than any other places in the world, which has made Dole Company the biggest fruit-packing company in the world. The fourth and most beautiful thing about Hawaii is the people who live there. The Hawaiians never rush, and perhaps this is because they care more for human life than they care for the machine. There is an old Hawaiian law that a man can go to sleep in the middle of the road if he wants to. What makes the people of Hawaii so beautiful is their feeling about people. There are 64 different combinations of races on the islands, and they all live in peace. They believe “Above all nations is humanity.” That is the most beautiful thing of all. 1 According to the passage, Hawaii is made up of __. A. one island B. twenty islands C. sixty-four islands D. hundreds of islands 2 Why are the volcanoes so special to the islands? A. They are not a part of the islands. B. They actually made the islands. C. They are the first in the world. D. They are growing. 3 What has made Dole Company the biggest fruit-packing company in the world? A. Sugar. B. Sugar cane. C. Bananas. D. Pineapples. 4 The people in Hawaii are the most beautiful thing because _ _. A. they had a peaceful history B. they can sleep in the middle of the road C. there are 64 different races on the islands D. they care more for people than anything else 5 According to the passage, “above all nations is humanity” might mean __ . A. not all nations have humanity B. humanity is as important as a nation C. humanity has no national boundaries D. all human beings should live in peace